Range-Wide Genetic Variation in Port-Orford-Cedar (Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)

Abstract

Timing of height growth was determined for 54 families of seedlings of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Port-Orford-cedar, which represented most of its natural range. Seedlings were grown in plant beds in inland and coastal nurseries. The proportion of early-season growth declined and the proportion of late-season growth increased with changes in seed source location from high to low elevations, from south to north, and from east to west. This pattern was parallel to that of seedling height and of actual elongation in each of three periods during the growing season. The tallest trees (from the Oregon coast near the species' northern range limit) grew more in each period but had the greatest proportion of late-season height growth. Planting such genotypes where late summer drought or early fall frost are common may threaten their survival. Use of breeding zones that limit genotype transfer distance may avoid such damage. Within breeding zones, height growth of families was not related to their prior screening for disease resistance; selection for disease resistance should not affect growth rate or pattern. Seedlings grown at the coastal nursery had a lower proportion of early-season growth and more in late season than seedlings grown inland.     

季节性冻融期亚高山/高山森林细根分解动态

为了解季节性冻融期不同阶段土壤冻融作用对细根分解的影响,采用凋落物分解袋法测定粗枝云杉、红桦和岷江冷杉细根在川西亚高山/高山森林区不同海拔地段(3 023,3 298,3 582 m)5个冻融阶段(初冻期、深冻期、融化前期、融化中期和完全融化期)的分解动态.结果表明:经过一个季节性冻融期细根残留率为88％ ～92％,不同海拔和不同树种之间差异显著.季节性冻融期各阶段均对3个树种细根分解具有明显贡献,但贡献率随着分解的延读表现出降低的趋势,且较低海拔的这种趋势更加明显.细根分解速率常数在0.177 6 ～0.242 4之间,各阶段细根相对失质量率与土壤温度密切相关,但细根分解速率与细根初始质量多项指标的相关性均不显著.建立包含季节性冻融期土壤平均温度、土壤温度波动、细根钙含量和细根木质素与氮比值的回归模型,可解释95％的细根分解速率差异形成原因.这些结果表明温度导致的土壤冻融过程是影响季节性冻融期细根分解速率的重要原因,而细根质量的影响相对较弱.     

青堆子湾养殖池塘与临近海域悬浮颗粒物的平面分布与季节变化

于2011—2012年在青堆子湾养殖池塘与临近海域31个站位进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的表层海水采集工作,根据其总悬浮颗粒物(TPM)与有机颗粒悬浮物(POM)的分析数据,结合同步获得的水文环境数据,分析2个区域TPM与POM的平面分布与季节变化。结果表明,养殖池塘TPM浓度全年范围为3.37-44.12 mg/L,平均为15.06 mg/L。邻近海域TPM浓度全年范围为4.06-209.00 mg/L,平均为58.46 mg/L。各季TPM浓度邻近海域均高于养殖池塘。养殖池塘POM浓度全年范围为0.22-7.73 mg/L,平均为1.52 mg/L。临近海域POM浓度全年范围为0.35-16.44 mg/L,平均为4.09 mg/L。养殖池塘与邻近海域POM百分含量存在显著季节变化。     

刺槐细根面积的动态变化研究

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区的安塞县,采用生长季内连续钻取土芯法进行根系调查取样,研究刺槐细根面积的动态变化,结果表明:东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积存在显著差异。西北坡刺槐累积细根面积大于东南坡,分别为东南坡的1.58倍(4月)、1.86倍(7月)和1.24倍(10月)。同时,东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积都表现出10月>4月>7月的动态变化。东南坡与西北坡刺槐细根面积在各土层所占比例具有一定的差异。但是,不同坡向刺槐细根垂直分布的动态变化趋势基本相同。无论在东南坡还是西北坡4月和10月约70%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,30%分布在160～250cm土层。7月约80%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,20%分布在160～250cm土层。不同月份间,刺槐细根面积在0～40cm土层所占比例变动较大,而40～150cm土层变动较小。刺槐细根面积垂直分布的动态变化与剖面土壤水分的动态变化相吻合。     

Effects of Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Quantity of Soil Microbes in Subalpine Fir Forest

Fir(Abies faxoniana) distributes widely in the alpine and subalpine region of western Sichuan.To understand effects of freeze-thaw events on soil microbial community,microbial number was investigated monthly in a fir forest,employing the method of lab freeze/thaw cycles in combination with field soil sampling.Bacterial and actinomycete number in soil decreased and fungal count increased after a seasonal freeze-thaw season cycle.Bacterial and fungal counts increased with the decreased altitude,while actinomycete count decreased with the decreased altitude.Different microbes had various change patterns with altitude in humus layer(AL), illuvial layer(BL) and parent material layer(CL). Compared with the 3 582 m altitude,bacterial count in the AL and CL at the 3 298 m altitude increased 4.2%and 7.0%,respectively,but that in the BL decreased 0.6%.Meanwhile,bacterial count increased 11.5%,3.5%and 2.1%in the AL,BL and CL at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with the 3 298 m altitude,respectively.Fungi count in the AL,BL and CL increased by 10.5%,10.3%and 16.4%at the 3 298 m altitude in comparison with 3 582 m altitude,respectively,while it increased by 2.4%,1.7%and 3.5%at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with 3 298 m altitude,respectively. Actinomycete count in the AL at the 3 298 m altitude increased by 0.7%than that at the 3 582 m altitude, but decreased 5.9%and 13.9%in the BL and CL.In the AL and BL,it increased 5.2%and 5.2% respectively at the 3 023 m altitude than that at the 3 298 m altitude,while in the CL it decreased 12.4%.These results were in agreement with the simulation freeze/thaw cycle experiment in lab.The results also revealed that the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle increased the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria. These results demonstrated that different microbial groups responded differentially to the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle,which may be an important ecological mechanism for maintaining the seasonal frozen ecosystem.     

骆马湖东部沉积物中氮磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性季节变化

骆马湖是江苏省四大淡水湖泊之一,是南水北调东线工程重要蓄水库。2008年6月、10月及2009年4月对骆马湖东侧10个采样点的沉积物分层采样进行了分析,结果表明,骆马湖沉积物中,不同深度总氮含量变幅在0.13～2.91mg.g-1,平均(0.86±0.50)mg.g-1,季节变化不显著;总磷含量变幅为0.03～0.41mg.g-1,平均(0.19±0.10)mg.g-1,春季>夏季>秋季,季节变化显著;碱性磷酸酶活性最高为592.39mg.kg-1.h-1,最低为44.59mg.kg-1.h-1,平均(233.83±132.70)mg.kg-1.h-1,春季>夏季>秋季,季节变化显著,与总磷含量呈正相关。研究结果可初步揭示骆马湖沉积物中氮、磷和碱性磷酸酶的分布状况、变化规律,为骆马湖的治理与管理提供科学依据,为南水北调过水湖泊的水质安全问题提供参考。     

黑龙江省东南部林区啮齿动物群落结构及数量季节变动研究

为了研究黑龙江省东南部林区啮齿动物群落结构和数量季节变动规律,利用铗日法采集标本以及林业部门和各林场提供的数据,于2008年1月-2010年12月通过实地调查。结果表明,黑龙江东南部林区共有啮齿动物21种,隶属3目、8科、16属,占黑龙江省的70%。其中古北界17种(占80.95%),广布种4种(占19.05%),在动物区系组成上以古北界为主。季节变动夏季数量最高,春季最少。而年间变动较为稳定。在捕获的数量上看棕背鼠平(Clethrionomys rufocanus)为优势种。     

浙南沿岸张网渔获物优势种类组成及季节分布

根据2010年7月至2011年6月对浙南沿岸张网渔获物采样调查资料,研究分析张网渔获物优势种类组成及季节分布。结果表明,在全年取样调查中,共鉴定游泳生物97种。优势种类为中国毛虾、日本毛虾、龙头鱼、细螯虾、带鱼,双斑〖HT5”,7〗虫〖KG-*3〗寻〖HT5”SS〗、刀鲚以及小公鱼属、虎鱼科、口虾蛄属、管鞭虾属、仿对虾属、鼓虾属等12个类群。毛虾全年均有出现,在一年中出现旺季有两个,一个是3月至5月,再一个是7月至8月,各月样品中毛虾重量占比分别为41.5%、33.1%、36.4%、43.1%与77.2%。龙头鱼出现旺季主要在9月至10月,各月样品中重量占比分别为25.5%与39.7%,平均体重分别为1.2 g与1.1 g。带鱼出现旺季在6月至9月,各月样品中重量占比分别为3.2%、3.6%、1.4%与2.6%,平均体重分别为1.1 g、2.2 g、1.8 g与3.9 g。口虾蛄出现旺季主要在9月至10月,各月样品中重量占比分别为10.5%与9.2%,平均体重分别为3.5 g与4.8 g。     

石羊河流域中部太阳辐射变化的特征分析

利用2007-2010年石羊河流域中部观测的太阳辐射资料,结合下垫面和天气变化状况,应用数理统计,综合分析太阳辐射相关因子变化。结果表明：近年来年平均总辐射、反射辐射、地表长波辐射、大气逆辐射和净辐射总量分别为6 030.9 MJ•m^-2、1 596.1 MJ•m^-2、11 764.7 MJ•m^-2、8 892.8 MJ•m-²和1 563 MJ•m^-2。年内相关辐射变化均呈单峰形,夏季（6-8月）处于高位,冬季（12月和1-2月）相对较低。地表反射率随着下垫面植被的增加逐步减小,冬季最大值为0.329,秋季（9-11月）最小值为0.241。晴好天气下除大气逆辐射近似波动的一条直线外,其余呈单峰形,一般地表长波辐射的峰值在中午前后滞后于总辐射的峰值1～2 h;阴雨雪天气,短波和长波辐射的日变化比较复杂,呈现多个峰值和谷值。春季和夏季阵性降雨后,云间大气透明度好,出现总辐射瞬时值异常增大,超过太阳常数的现象,最大超过159 W•m^-2,云对辐射具有附加效应。云量影响辐射量的变化,大气逆辐射在同一季节,典型晴天值要小于多云和阴雨（雪天）天气,净辐射在日出日落前后均出现正负值之间的跳变,但云可以减少跳变的幅度。     

Temporal variation in nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris needles

Temporal variation in nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles was studied during a three‐year period in three stands of differing stages of development. Concentrations of N, P and K varied significantly between years; this variation was related to differences in needle dry weight. Concentrations of all measured nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, B) and Al varied between seasons; this variation was related to nutrient mobility and the annual physiological cycle. Concentrations of the mobile nutrients N, P and K decreased in spring and early summer during shoot and needle elongation and increased in late summer and autumn during needle senescence and litterfall. Concentrations of Mg, Cu, Zn and B followed somewhat similar patterns. The poorly mobile nutrients Ca, Mn and Fe accumulated gradually in needles during each growing season. Needle nutrient concentrations were stable during the nonactive period.